Black Americans were not allowed to play in Major League Baseball until Jackie Robinson was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1946. Before then, hundreds of gifted black baseball players competed against one another in successful Negro Leagues that formed all over America. There has been a great effort to remember and celebrate these great athletes, and many of them have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Buck O'Neil
John "Buck" O'Neil was a first baseman and manager in the Negro American League. After playing, he eventually became the first African American coach in the MLB, and then late in life became a speaker and strong advocate for Negro leagues history, helping to establish the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. He played baseball in the Negro Leagues from 1937-1955. He played in four East-West All-Star Games in three different seasons, and two Negro League World Series.
Andrew "Rube" Foster
Foster is widely considered the best pitcher of the very early Negro Leagues -- he played from 1902-1917. Not all of his games pitched were recorded, but in 338 of them that were, he won 216. He also also founded and managed the Chicago American Giants, and organized the Negro National League, the first long-lasting professional league for African-American ballplayers, which operated from 1920 to 1931. He is known as the "father of black baseball."
James "Biz" Mackey
Above: Biz Mackey by Kadir Nelson, from We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball.
Before Josh Gibson rose to fame, James Raleigh "Biz" Mackey was regarded as black baseball's premier catcher. He was a tremendous defender, but also ranks among the leagues all-time greatest in both RBIs and slugging percentage. He was a five time Negro Leagues all-star and MLB great Roy Campanella once said "In my opinion, Biz Mackey was the master of defense of all catchers. When I was a kid in Philadelphia, I saw both Mackey and Mickey Cochrane in their primes, but for real catching skills, I don't think Cochrane was the master of defense that Mackey was. When I went under his direction in Baltimore, I was 15 years old. I gathered quite a bit from Mackey, watching how he did things, how he blocked low pitches, how he shifted his feet for an outside pitch, how he threw with a short, quick, accurate throw without drawing back. I got all this from Mackey at a young age."
Walter "Buck" Leonard
Buck Leonard was the first baseman for the Homestead Grays for 17 years, the longest term of service for a player on a single team in Negro League history. The Baseball Reference statistics show Leonard with an impressive .519 slugging percentage. Monte Irvin said "Trying to sneak a fastball past [Leonard] was like trying to sneak a sunrise past a rooster."
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